Wednesday, September 15, 2010

This is what is happening to students with autism in many Florida public schools

Parents: Ban schools from restraining students with autism, other disabilities


By Laura Green

Palm Beach Post Staff Writer

Updated: 10:32 p.m. Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2010

Posted: 8:01 p.m. Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2010

— For a third straight year, Florida parents and special-education advocates are trying to get a law passed that would prevent school employees from holding students with disabilities face-down or shutting them in rooms to try to control behaviors associated with their conditions.

This year, proponents have the backing of the National Autism Association, Autism Speaks and 26 state organizations, primarily involved in medical or disabilities issues.

There's also a federal push to limit the use of such practices after a U.S. Government Accountability Office report revealed hundreds of cases of alleged abuse and several children killed when school and treatment center staffers used the methods.

"These are not isolated incidents," state Rep. Dorothy Hukill, the bill's sponsor, said during a news conference today in Tallahassee.

Hukill, R-Port Orange, invited several parents, including Boynton Beach mom Phyllis Musumeci, to tell their stories.

Musumeci fought to get the Palm Beach County school district to agree to document each occasion in which a staff member restrained a child after she discovered that her son had been held down at least 80 times.

Musumeci said she missed the warning signs that her son had been traumatized. He fought going to school, didn't want to be touched and even stopped doing things he used to like, such as playing on his computer. Now her son is attending a private school for special education students because he can't function in a district school.

"This bill will keep our children safe," she said. "It's been five years and my son is still suffering."

To help make their case, supporters of the bill (HB 81 ) have a grainy video of a 14-year-old autistic boy from Citrus County who was dragged on his hands and knees and thrown into a dark room by his teacher and an aide last school year. When he tried to get out of the room, the teacher slammed the door shut on his hand, leaving him in the room with a bleeding and broken finger.

The video does not show any violence on the part of the boy that precipitated the incident.

The boy's father had been asking the staff why his son had repeatedly come home from school with torn pants. It wasn't until the broken finger that Vikas Kamat found out what was really happening to his son at school.

The state Department of Children and Families found that excessive force was used, and Department of Education said the school was in "noncompliance" regarding use of seclusion.

"It is not about blaming anybody anymore," said Kamat. "If we all look the other way and we have evidence as sick as this, what is left of us? What is left of us as human beings?"

The bill has failed in previous years, in part because of opposition from school officials who say such practices can be done safely and are needed to keep children from hurting themselves or others.

Hukill said she expects to face opposition from districts again this year.

While the bill would prohibit the use of facedown holds, which have caused children to suffocate, it would still allow school staff members to physically immobilize students whose behavior creates an immediate danger to themselves or others.

Some special-needs children have trouble controlling their behavior and can become violent, acknowledged Mark Kamleiter, the special education lawyer who represents the Kamat family.

But Kamleiter, who worked as a special education teacher and behavior specialist in the Pinellas County school system for five years, said there is almost always another way to teach children to control themselves instead of restraining them or locking them in a room.

"If schools cannot use that kind of punishment to deal with the behaviors, my hope is they will train people to appropriately deal with those behaviors," he said.

The bill focuses on staff training and informing parents in instances when staff members have to handle a child to keep them from hurting themselves or someone else.

Florida is among 19 states with no laws or regulations governing the use of restraint or seclusion.

Staff writer Michael C. Bender contributed to this story.


(Source: http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/schools/parents-ban-schools-from-restraining-students-with-autism-177665.html)

Friday, September 3, 2010

AX got some marks from school again

As aforementioned, the principal called us since AX was having a tough time due to the bus drill. Well, when I picked him up yesterday at 2:35PM EST, I noticed that his left ear has marks. One can not leave marks in the ears unless they pinched him so hard by the ear. I asked the aide why he has a mark on his left ear and she said that she had not noticed it. I just dismissed it since we are also concerned how he is doing academically. When we arrived home after we ate at Taco Bell and had fun at the playground, I asked him to change his shirt because he was sweating. I noticed that he had marks again especially at the back.

I do not understand what the fuck is safety of the personnel and other students when AX is getting marks. We were told by the principal that he was being dealt with by five adults. I questioned her why would there be a need for five adults. She said, that she is fearing safety if there is only one adult with AX.

Thursday, September 2, 2010

-Empty- Regular Classroom

I hope they did not put AX here. We were called by the principal this morning that AX was having problems again. She told us over the phone that they put AX in an empty regular classroom. This is what I am reminded of "an empty, regular classroom."

I was told yesterday that AX had a problem and it was not until 11AM or so that he was able to do academic work. What the heck did he do in the past 3 hours in school. He never had a tantrum that lasted 3 hours. If he had a tantrum, the most the he can have is 30 minutes.

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MURRAYVILLE, Georgia (CNN) -- A few weeks before 13-year-old Jonathan King killed himself, he told his parents that his teachers had put him in "time-out."

The room where Jonathan King hanged himself is shown after his death. It is no longer used, a school official said.

The room where Jonathan King hanged himself is shown after his death. It is no longer used, a school official said.

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"We thought that meant go sit in the corner and be quiet for a few minutes," Tina King said, tears washing her face as she remembered the child she called "our baby ... a good kid."

But time-out in the boy's north Georgia special education school was spent in something akin to a prison cell -- a concrete room latched from the outside, its tiny window obscured by a piece of paper.

Called a seclusion room, it's where in November 2004, Jonathan hanged himself with a cord a teacher gave him to hold up his pants. Video Watch Jonathan's parents on their son's death »

An attorney representing the school has denied any wrongdoing.

Seclusion rooms, sometimes called time-out rooms, are used across the nation, generally for special needs children. Critics say that along with the death of Jonathan, many mentally disabled and autistic children have been injured or traumatized.

Few states have laws on using seclusion rooms, though 24 states have written guidelines, according to a 2007 study conducted by a Clemson University researcher.

Texas, which was included in that study, has stopped using seclusion and restraint. Georgia has just begun to draft guidelines, four years after Jonathan's death.

Based on conversations with officials in 22 states with written guidelines, seclusion is intended as a last resort when other attempts to calm a child have failed or when a student is hurting himself or others.

Michigan requires that a child held in seclusion have constant supervision from an instructor trained specifically in special education, and that confinement not exceed 15 minutes.

Connecticut education spokesman Tom Murphy said "time-out rooms" were used sparingly and were "usually small rooms with padding on the walls."

Only Vermont tracks how many children are kept in seclusion from year to year, though two other states, Minnesota and New Mexico, say they have been using the rooms less frequently in recent years.

Dr. Veronica Garcia, New Mexico's education secretary, said her state had found more sophisticated and better ways to solve behavior problems. Garcia, whose brother is autistic, said, "The idea of confining a child in a room repeatedly and as punishment, that's an ethics violation I would never tolerate."

But researchers say that the rooms, in some cases, are being misused and that children are suffering.

Public schools in the United States are now educating more than half a million more students with disabilities than they did a decade ago, according to the National Education Association.

"Teachers aren't trained to handle that," said Dr. Roger Pierangelo, executive director of the National Association of Special Education Teachers.

"When you have an out-of-control student threatening your class -- it's not right and it can be very damaging -- but seclusion is used as a 'quick fix' in many cases."

Former Rhode Island special education superintendent Leslie Ryan told CNN that she thought she was helping a disabled fifth-grader by keeping him in a "chill room" in the basement of a public elementary school that was later deemed a fire hazard.

"All I know is I tried to help this boy, and I had very few options," Ryan said. After the public learned of the room, she resigned from her post with the department but remains with the school.

School records do not indicate why Jonathan King was repeatedly confined to the concrete room or what, if any, positive outcome was expected.

His parents say they don't recognize the boy described in records as one who liked to kick and punch his classmates. They have launched a wrongful death lawsuit against the school -- the Alpine Program in Gainesville -- which has denied any wrongdoing. A Georgia judge is expected to rule soon on whether the case can be brought before a jury.

Jonathan's parents say the boy had been diagnosed since kindergarten with severe depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. But his father remembers him as a boy who was happy when he sang in the church choir.

"He was a hugger, liked to go fishing with me and run after me saying, 'Daddy, when are we going to the lake?' " Don King said.

King said that he wanted to know if there were similar situations in other schools and that critics of seclusion rooms fear there could be.

"Jonathan's case is the worst of the worst, but it should be a warning. It's reasonable to think that it could happen in all the other schools that use seclusion on disabled children -- largely because the use of seclusion goes so unchecked," said Jane Hudson, an attorney with the National Disability Rights Network.

"This is one of those most unregulated, unresearched areas I've come across," said Joseph Ryan, a Clemson University special education researcher who has worked in schools for disabled kids and co-authored a study on the use of seclusion.

"You have very little oversight in schools of these rooms -- first because the general public doesn't really even know they exist," he said.

There is no national database tracking seclusion incidents in schools, though many have been described in media reports, lawsuits, disability advocacy groups' investigations and on blogs catering to parents who say their child had been held in seclusion.

Disability Rights California, a federally funded watchdog group, found that teachers dragged children into seclusion rooms they could not leave. In one case, they found a retarded 8-year-old had been locked alone in a seclusion room in a northeast California elementary school for at least 31 days in a year.

"What we found outrageous was that we went to the schools and asked to see the rooms and were denied," said Leslie Morrison, a psychiatric nurse and attorney who led the 2007 investigation that substantiated at least six cases of abuse involving seclusion in public schools.

"It took a lot of fighting to eventually get in to see where these children were held."

CNN asked every school official interviewed if a reporter could visit a seclusion room and was denied every time.

In other instances of alleged abuse:

• A Tennessee mother alleged in a federal suit against the Learn Center in Clinton that her 51-pound 9-year-old autistic son was bruised when school instructors used their body weight on his legs and torso to hold him down before putting him in a "quiet room" for four hours. Principal Gary Houck of the Learn Center, which serves disabled children, said lawyers have advised him not to discuss the case.

• Eight-year-old Isabel Loeffler, who has autism, was held down by her teachers and confined in a storage closet where she pulled out her hair and wet her pants at her Dallas County, Iowa, elementary school. Last year, a judge found that the school had violated the girl's rights. "What we're talking about is trauma," said her father, Doug Loeffler. "She spent hours in wet clothes, crying to be let out." Waukee school district attorney Matt Novak told CNN that the school has denied any wrongdoing.

• A mentally retarded 14-year-old in Killeen, Texas, died from his teachers pressing on his chest in an effort to restrain him in 2001. Texas passed a law to limit both restraint and seclusion in schools because the two methods are often used together.

Federal law requires that schools develop behavioral plans for students with disabilities. These plans are supposed to explicitly explain behavior problems and methods the teacher is allowed to use to stop it, including using music to calm a child or allowing a student to take a break from schoolwork.

A behavioral plan for Jonathan King, provided to CNN by the Kings' attorney, shows that Jonathan was confined in the seclusion room on 15 separate days for infractions ranging from cursing and threatening other students to physically striking classmates.

Howard "Sandy" Addis, the director of the Pioneer education agency which oversees Alpine, said that the room where Jonathan died is no longer in use. Citing the ongoing litigation, he declined to answer questions about the King case but defended the use of seclusion for "an emergency safety situation."

The Alpine Program's attorney, Phil Hartley, said Jonathan's actions leading up to his suicide did not suggest the boy was "serious" about killing himself. Jonathan's actions were an "effort to get attention," Hartley said.

"This is a program designed for students with severe emotional disabilities and problems," he said. "It is a program which frequently deals with students who use various methods of getting attention, avoiding work."

A substitute employee placed in charge of watching the room on the day Jonathan died said in an affidavit that he had no training in the use of seclusion, and didn't know Jonathan had threatened suicide weeks earlier.

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The Kings say they would have removed their son from the school if they knew he was being held in seclusion, or that he had expressed a desire to hurt himself.

"We would have home schooled him or taken him to another psychologist," said Don King. "If we would have known, our boy would have never been in that room. He would still be alive."

(Source: http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/17/seclusion.rooms/)

Monday, February 1, 2010

Yay division!

AX is pretty much done with multiplication. He knows double-digit multiplication. I wished that I could introduce him to division last December 2009 but so many things got in the way. Nonetheless, I taught him division in the 3rd week of January 2010. He got it fast right after I thought him using sticks to segregate in order to come up with an answer.

He was introduced by his mainstream teacher to Geography. In fact, he will have this 4th time to take the test of eastern states of the US. At the moment, he is done with 15 states and their capitals. He also takes multiplication table test every Friday.

Creeping days

It is the first day of February 2010 and I happen to visit my blog after posting a news story that I did not realize I posted. The year entered a little less on the financial side but also less in spending which is darn good. It was also a year of thinking about what will happen to us tomorrow and the coming days. January was filled with so much wishing and worrying. Yes, we should have not done it but you can not really help it. Papi is getting fed up with his work and that's it. He wants to fly this time around. I am not trying to clip his wings but I always tell him to wait a bit and when that time comes, we will surely fly anywhere with so much determination.

Tuesday, January 12, 2010

More Evidence That Autism Is a Brain 'Connectivity' Disorder

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100110151333.htm

ScienceDaily (Jan. 11, 2010) — Studying a rare disorder known as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), researchers at Children's Hospital Boston add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that autism spectrum disorders, which affect 25 to 50 percent of TSC patients, result from a miswiring of connections in the developing brain, leading to improper information flow. The finding may also help explain why many people with TSC have seizures and intellectual disabilities.

Findings were published online in Nature Neuroscience on January 10.

TSC causes benign tumors throughout the body, including the brain. But patients with TSC may have autism, epilepsy or intellectual disabilities even in the absence of these growths. Now, researchers led by Mustafa Sahin, MD, PhD, of Children's Department of Neurology, provide evidence that mutations in one of the TSC's causative genes, known as TSC2, prevent growing nerve fibers (axons) from finding their proper destinations in the developing brain.

Studying a well-characterized axon route -- between the eye's retina and the visual area of the brain -- Sahin and colleagues showed that when mouse neurons were deficient in TSC2, their axons failed to land in the right places. Further investigation showed that the axons' tips, known as "growth cones," did not respond to navigation cues from a group of molecules called ephrins. "Normally ephrins cause growth cones to collapse in neurons, but in tuberous sclerosis the axons don't heed these repulsive cues, so keep growing," says Sahin, the study's senior investigator.

Additional experiments indicated that the loss of responsiveness to ephrin signals resulted from activation of a molecular pathway called mTOR, whose activity increased when neurons were deficient in TSC2. Axon tracing in the mice showed that many axons originating in the retina were not mapping to the expected part of the brain.

Although the study looked only at retinal connections to the brain, the researchers believe their findings may have general relevance for the organization of the developing brain. Scientists speculate that in autism, wiring may be abnormal in the areas of the brain involved in social cognition.

"People have started to look at autism as a developmental disconnection syndrome -- there are either too many connections or too few connections between different parts of the brain," says Sahin. "In the mouse models, we're seeing an exuberance of connections, consistent with the idea that autism may involve a sensory overload, and/or a lack of filtering of information."

Sahin hopes that the brain's miswiring can be corrected by drugs targeting the molecular pathways that cause it. The mTOR pathway is emerging as central to various kinds of axon abnormalities, and drugs inhibiting mTOR has already been approved by the FDA. For example, one mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, is currently used mainly to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients, and Sahin plans to launch a clinical trial of a rapamycin-like drug in approximately 50 patients with TSC later this year, to see if the drug improves neurocognition, autism and seizures.

In 2008, Sahin and colleagues published related research in Genes & Development showing that when TSC1 and TSC2 are inactivated, brain cells grow more than one axon -- an abnormal configuration that exacerbates abnormal brain connectivity. The mTOR pathway was, again, shown to be involved, and when it was inhibited with rapamycin, neurons grew normally, sprouting just one axon.

Supporting the mouse data, a study by Sahin and his colleague Simon Warfield, PhD, in the Computational Radiology Laboratory at Children's, examined the brains of 10 patients with TSC, 7 of whom also had autism or developmental delay, and 6 unaffected controls. Using an advanced kind of MRI imaging called diffusion tensor imaging, they documented disorganized and structurally abnormal tracts of axons in the TSC group, particularly in the visual and social cognition areas of the brain (see image). The axons also were poorly myelinated -- their fatty coating, which helps axons conduct electrical signals, was compromised. (In other studies, done in collaboration with David Kwiatkowski at Brigham and Women's Hospital, giving rapamycin normalized myelination in mice.)

Sahin has also been studying additional genes previously found to be deleted or duplicated in patients with autism, and finding that deletion of some of them causes neurons to produce multiple axons -- an abnormality that, again, appears to be reversed with rapamycin.

"Many of the genes implicated in autism may possibly converge on a few common pathways controlling the wiring of nerve cells," says Sahin. "Rare genetic disorders like TSC are providing us with vital clues about brain mechanisms leading to autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the neurobiology of these disorders is likely to lead to new treatment options not only for TSC patients, but also for patients with other neurodevelopmental diseases caused by defective myelination and connectivity, such as autism, epilepsy and intellectual disability."

The current study was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the John Merck Scholars Fund, Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance, the Manton Foundation, the Children's Hospital Boston Translational Research Program, and the Children's Hospital Boston Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Center.

Duyu Nie was first author on the paper. Coauthors were Duyu Nie, Alessia Di Nardo, Juliette M Han, Hasani Baharanyi, Ioannis Kramvis, and ThanhThao Huynh, all of the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston; Sandra Dabora of Brigham and Women's Hospital; Simone Codeluppi and Elena B Pasquale of the Burnham Institute for Medical Research, and University of California San Diego; and Pier Paolo Pandolfi of Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center.

Story Source:
Adapted from materials provided by Children's Hospital Boston, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Journal Reference:

  1. Duyu Nie et al. Tsc2-Rheb signaling regulates EphA-mediated axon guidance. Nature Neuroscience, January 10, 2010
APA

MLA
Children's Hospital Boston (2010, January 11). More evidence that autism is a brain 'connectivity' disorder. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 12, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2010/01/100110151333.htm

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

New Imaging Technique Discovers Differences In Brains Of People With Autism

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/10/061023192716.htm

New Imaging Technique Discovers Differences In Brains Of People With Autism

ScienceDaily (Oct. 24, 2006) — Using a new form of brain imaging known as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), researchers in the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging at Carnegie Mellon University have discovered that the so-called white matter in the brains of people with autism has lower structural integrity than in the brains of normal individuals. This provides further evidence that the anatomical differences characterizing the brains of people with autism are related to the way those brains process information.

The results of this latest study were published in the journal NeuroReport. The scientists used DTI — which tracks the movement of water through brain tissue — to measure the structural integrity of the white matter that acts as cables to wire the parts of the brain together. Normally, water molecules move, or diffuse, in a direction parallel to the orientation of the nerve fibers of the white matter. They're aided by the coherent structure of the fibers and a process called myelination, in which a sheath is formed around the fibers that speeds nerve impulses. The movement of water is more dispersed if the structural integrity of the tissue is low — i.e., if the fibers are less dense, less coherently organized, or less myelinated — as it was with the participants with autism in the Carnegie Mellon study. Researchers found this dispersed pattern particularly in areas in and around the corpus callosum, the large band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

"These reductions in white matter integrity may underlie the behavioral pattern observed in autism of narrowly focused thought and weak coherence of different streams of thought," said Marcel Just, director of the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging and a co-author of the latest study. "The new findings also provide supporting evidence for a new theory of autism that attributes the disorder to underconnectivity among brain regions," Just said.

In 2004, Just and his colleagues proposed the underconnectivity theory based on a groundbreaking study in which they discovered abnormalities in the white matter that suggested a lack of coordination among brain areas in people with autism. This theory helps explain a paradox of autism: Some people with autism have normal or even superior skills in some areas, while many other types of thinking are disordered.

Last summer, Just led a team of researchers that found for the first time that the abnormality in synchronization among brain areas is related to the abnormality in the white matter. They discovered that key portions of the corpus callosum seem to play a role in the limitation on synchronization. In people with autism, anatomical connectivity — based on the size of the white matter — was found to be positively correlated with functional connectivity, which is the synchronization of the active brain regions. They also found that the functional connectivity was lower in those participants in whom the autism was more severe.

These studies, along with the latest paper, are providing a comprehensive picture of the autistic brain, whose components operate with less coordination than is normally the case, and which is less reliant on frontal components and more reliant on posterior components. The latest DTI finding shows that some of the frontal-posterior communication fiber tracts are abnormal, consistent with the lower degree of frontal-posterior coordination.

"The brain components in autism function more like a jam session and less like a symphony," Just said.

The latest study was co-authored by Rajesh K. Kana and Timothy A. Keller of the Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging. This research was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Story Source:

Adapted from materials provided by Carnegie Mellon University.

APA

MLA
Carnegie Mellon University (2006, October 24). New Imaging Technique Discovers Differences In Brains Of People With Autism. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 12, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2006/10/061023192716.htm

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.