Sunday, September 19, 2010

Cognition in Children with Autism can Improve

Children with autism can improve cognition

Published: Sept. 18, 2010 at 12:02 AM

LONDON, Sept. 18 (UPI) -- Children with autism vary in cognitive skills but they often improve over time, Australian and British researchers say.

Study leader Elizabeth Pellicano of the Institute of Education in London says people with autism spectrum disorders are thought to have a "profile of cognitive strengths and weaknesses."

These include problems appreciating the thoughts and feelings of others, "executive function" difficulties with control and planning, and an ability to perceive parts or small details. However, she says, few studies have tracked these skills over a period of years.

"What we know a lot less about is how the cognitive skills of children with autism spectrum disorders change over time," Pellicano says in a statement. "In this study, we found that these skills vary from child to child and also that some of them can improve over time."

The study, published in Child Development, finds children's skills in each of the three areas improved considerably during the study's three years. Most of the children had more appreciation of others' thoughts and feelings and were better able to plan, regulate, and control their thoughts and actions.

Pellicano and colleagues assessed 37 children with autism spectrum disorders and 31 typically developing children at age 5 and 6 and again three years later.

Source: http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2010/09/18/Children-with-autism-can-improve-cognition/UPI-51871284782540/


Thursday, September 16, 2010

Are we there yet?

Autism in some boys linked to missing DNA

Wed Sep 15, 3:54 PM

By Sheryl Ubelacker, Health Reporter, The Canadian Press

TORONTO - Researchers are a step closer to understanding why autism spectrum disorder affects four times as many boys as girls.

A study led by a team of Toronto scientists has discovered that males who carry specific genetic alterations on their X-chromosome have an elevated risk for developing autism spectrum disorder, or ASD.

“The male gender bias in autism has intrigued us for years and now we have an indicator that starts to explain why this may be,” said co-principal investigator Stephen Scherer, director of the Centre for Applied Genomics at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children.

The researchers, whose work is published this week in the journal Science Translational Medicine, found that about one per cent of boys with ASD had mutations related to the PTCHD1 gene on the X-chromosome.

"Hearing that it's in one per cent doesn't get a lot of people excited," conceded Scherer. "But it gets geneticists really excited because there's a lot of genes involved (in ASD)."

Boys inherit one X-chromosome from their mother and one Y-chromosome from their father, explained Scherer. "If a boy's X-chromosome is missing the PTCHD1 gene or other nearby DNA sequences, they will be at high risk of developing ASD or intellectual disability."

"Girls are different in that, even if they are missing one PTCHD1 gene, by nature they always carry a second X-chromosome, shielding them from ASD. While these women are protected, autism could appear in future generations of boys in their families."

ASD affects one in every 120 children — including one in 70 boys. The neurological disorder ranges in severity, but can cause difficulties with communication and interaction with others, unusual patterns of behaviour and intellectual disability.

An estimated 190,000 Canadians have the disorder, which is on the rise worldwide, says Autism Society Canada.

The isolation of genetic alterations on the X-chromosome within a percentage of individuals with autism follows a number of recent genetic discoveries by Scherer and others that are moving science slowly but surely towards a better understanding of the causes of the baffling disorder.

To conduct this study, researchers analyzed the gene sequences of 2,000 individuals with ASD, along with others with an intellectual disability, and compared the results to DNA sequencing for thousands of healthy control subjects.

While the PTCHD1 mutation occurred in one per cent of males with ASD, it was not present in the DNA of thousands of healthy male controls — and sisters of affected males carrying the same mutation seemed unaffected.

"I don't think it's too surprising that there is another gene on the X-chromosome that is involved in autism," said co-principal researcher John Vincent, head of the molecular neuropsychiatry and development lab at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

"It's another one in the list and I think it will be one of the most common ones, so parents will be able to have their children tested," said Vincent. "Particularly if they have a son affected, it will be important for them to know if it's caused by a mutation at or around PTCHD1."

"And if it is, they'll know that future (male) children would be at risk."

The scientists believe the PTCHD1 gene has a role in a neurobiological pathway that delivers information to cells during brain development, and this specific mutation could disrupt crucial processes and contribute to the onset of autism, said Vincent.

Having a test for the genetic mutation would mean children could be diagnosed at a younger age, allowing behavioural therapies to be started sooner, he said. "So the earlier you can catch it, the more effective the therapies can be."


Source: http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/100915/national/autism_boys_genetics_1



Wednesday, September 15, 2010

This is what is happening to students with autism in many Florida public schools

Parents: Ban schools from restraining students with autism, other disabilities


By Laura Green

Palm Beach Post Staff Writer

Updated: 10:32 p.m. Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2010

Posted: 8:01 p.m. Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2010

— For a third straight year, Florida parents and special-education advocates are trying to get a law passed that would prevent school employees from holding students with disabilities face-down or shutting them in rooms to try to control behaviors associated with their conditions.

This year, proponents have the backing of the National Autism Association, Autism Speaks and 26 state organizations, primarily involved in medical or disabilities issues.

There's also a federal push to limit the use of such practices after a U.S. Government Accountability Office report revealed hundreds of cases of alleged abuse and several children killed when school and treatment center staffers used the methods.

"These are not isolated incidents," state Rep. Dorothy Hukill, the bill's sponsor, said during a news conference today in Tallahassee.

Hukill, R-Port Orange, invited several parents, including Boynton Beach mom Phyllis Musumeci, to tell their stories.

Musumeci fought to get the Palm Beach County school district to agree to document each occasion in which a staff member restrained a child after she discovered that her son had been held down at least 80 times.

Musumeci said she missed the warning signs that her son had been traumatized. He fought going to school, didn't want to be touched and even stopped doing things he used to like, such as playing on his computer. Now her son is attending a private school for special education students because he can't function in a district school.

"This bill will keep our children safe," she said. "It's been five years and my son is still suffering."

To help make their case, supporters of the bill (HB 81 ) have a grainy video of a 14-year-old autistic boy from Citrus County who was dragged on his hands and knees and thrown into a dark room by his teacher and an aide last school year. When he tried to get out of the room, the teacher slammed the door shut on his hand, leaving him in the room with a bleeding and broken finger.

The video does not show any violence on the part of the boy that precipitated the incident.

The boy's father had been asking the staff why his son had repeatedly come home from school with torn pants. It wasn't until the broken finger that Vikas Kamat found out what was really happening to his son at school.

The state Department of Children and Families found that excessive force was used, and Department of Education said the school was in "noncompliance" regarding use of seclusion.

"It is not about blaming anybody anymore," said Kamat. "If we all look the other way and we have evidence as sick as this, what is left of us? What is left of us as human beings?"

The bill has failed in previous years, in part because of opposition from school officials who say such practices can be done safely and are needed to keep children from hurting themselves or others.

Hukill said she expects to face opposition from districts again this year.

While the bill would prohibit the use of facedown holds, which have caused children to suffocate, it would still allow school staff members to physically immobilize students whose behavior creates an immediate danger to themselves or others.

Some special-needs children have trouble controlling their behavior and can become violent, acknowledged Mark Kamleiter, the special education lawyer who represents the Kamat family.

But Kamleiter, who worked as a special education teacher and behavior specialist in the Pinellas County school system for five years, said there is almost always another way to teach children to control themselves instead of restraining them or locking them in a room.

"If schools cannot use that kind of punishment to deal with the behaviors, my hope is they will train people to appropriately deal with those behaviors," he said.

The bill focuses on staff training and informing parents in instances when staff members have to handle a child to keep them from hurting themselves or someone else.

Florida is among 19 states with no laws or regulations governing the use of restraint or seclusion.

Staff writer Michael C. Bender contributed to this story.


(Source: http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/schools/parents-ban-schools-from-restraining-students-with-autism-177665.html)

Friday, September 3, 2010

AX got some marks from school again

As aforementioned, the principal called us since AX was having a tough time due to the bus drill. Well, when I picked him up yesterday at 2:35PM EST, I noticed that his left ear has marks. One can not leave marks in the ears unless they pinched him so hard by the ear. I asked the aide why he has a mark on his left ear and she said that she had not noticed it. I just dismissed it since we are also concerned how he is doing academically. When we arrived home after we ate at Taco Bell and had fun at the playground, I asked him to change his shirt because he was sweating. I noticed that he had marks again especially at the back.

I do not understand what the fuck is safety of the personnel and other students when AX is getting marks. We were told by the principal that he was being dealt with by five adults. I questioned her why would there be a need for five adults. She said, that she is fearing safety if there is only one adult with AX.

Thursday, September 2, 2010

-Empty- Regular Classroom

I hope they did not put AX here. We were called by the principal this morning that AX was having problems again. She told us over the phone that they put AX in an empty regular classroom. This is what I am reminded of "an empty, regular classroom."

I was told yesterday that AX had a problem and it was not until 11AM or so that he was able to do academic work. What the heck did he do in the past 3 hours in school. He never had a tantrum that lasted 3 hours. If he had a tantrum, the most the he can have is 30 minutes.

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MURRAYVILLE, Georgia (CNN) -- A few weeks before 13-year-old Jonathan King killed himself, he told his parents that his teachers had put him in "time-out."

The room where Jonathan King hanged himself is shown after his death. It is no longer used, a school official said.

The room where Jonathan King hanged himself is shown after his death. It is no longer used, a school official said.

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"We thought that meant go sit in the corner and be quiet for a few minutes," Tina King said, tears washing her face as she remembered the child she called "our baby ... a good kid."

But time-out in the boy's north Georgia special education school was spent in something akin to a prison cell -- a concrete room latched from the outside, its tiny window obscured by a piece of paper.

Called a seclusion room, it's where in November 2004, Jonathan hanged himself with a cord a teacher gave him to hold up his pants. Video Watch Jonathan's parents on their son's death »

An attorney representing the school has denied any wrongdoing.

Seclusion rooms, sometimes called time-out rooms, are used across the nation, generally for special needs children. Critics say that along with the death of Jonathan, many mentally disabled and autistic children have been injured or traumatized.

Few states have laws on using seclusion rooms, though 24 states have written guidelines, according to a 2007 study conducted by a Clemson University researcher.

Texas, which was included in that study, has stopped using seclusion and restraint. Georgia has just begun to draft guidelines, four years after Jonathan's death.

Based on conversations with officials in 22 states with written guidelines, seclusion is intended as a last resort when other attempts to calm a child have failed or when a student is hurting himself or others.

Michigan requires that a child held in seclusion have constant supervision from an instructor trained specifically in special education, and that confinement not exceed 15 minutes.

Connecticut education spokesman Tom Murphy said "time-out rooms" were used sparingly and were "usually small rooms with padding on the walls."

Only Vermont tracks how many children are kept in seclusion from year to year, though two other states, Minnesota and New Mexico, say they have been using the rooms less frequently in recent years.

Dr. Veronica Garcia, New Mexico's education secretary, said her state had found more sophisticated and better ways to solve behavior problems. Garcia, whose brother is autistic, said, "The idea of confining a child in a room repeatedly and as punishment, that's an ethics violation I would never tolerate."

But researchers say that the rooms, in some cases, are being misused and that children are suffering.

Public schools in the United States are now educating more than half a million more students with disabilities than they did a decade ago, according to the National Education Association.

"Teachers aren't trained to handle that," said Dr. Roger Pierangelo, executive director of the National Association of Special Education Teachers.

"When you have an out-of-control student threatening your class -- it's not right and it can be very damaging -- but seclusion is used as a 'quick fix' in many cases."

Former Rhode Island special education superintendent Leslie Ryan told CNN that she thought she was helping a disabled fifth-grader by keeping him in a "chill room" in the basement of a public elementary school that was later deemed a fire hazard.

"All I know is I tried to help this boy, and I had very few options," Ryan said. After the public learned of the room, she resigned from her post with the department but remains with the school.

School records do not indicate why Jonathan King was repeatedly confined to the concrete room or what, if any, positive outcome was expected.

His parents say they don't recognize the boy described in records as one who liked to kick and punch his classmates. They have launched a wrongful death lawsuit against the school -- the Alpine Program in Gainesville -- which has denied any wrongdoing. A Georgia judge is expected to rule soon on whether the case can be brought before a jury.

Jonathan's parents say the boy had been diagnosed since kindergarten with severe depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. But his father remembers him as a boy who was happy when he sang in the church choir.

"He was a hugger, liked to go fishing with me and run after me saying, 'Daddy, when are we going to the lake?' " Don King said.

King said that he wanted to know if there were similar situations in other schools and that critics of seclusion rooms fear there could be.

"Jonathan's case is the worst of the worst, but it should be a warning. It's reasonable to think that it could happen in all the other schools that use seclusion on disabled children -- largely because the use of seclusion goes so unchecked," said Jane Hudson, an attorney with the National Disability Rights Network.

"This is one of those most unregulated, unresearched areas I've come across," said Joseph Ryan, a Clemson University special education researcher who has worked in schools for disabled kids and co-authored a study on the use of seclusion.

"You have very little oversight in schools of these rooms -- first because the general public doesn't really even know they exist," he said.

There is no national database tracking seclusion incidents in schools, though many have been described in media reports, lawsuits, disability advocacy groups' investigations and on blogs catering to parents who say their child had been held in seclusion.

Disability Rights California, a federally funded watchdog group, found that teachers dragged children into seclusion rooms they could not leave. In one case, they found a retarded 8-year-old had been locked alone in a seclusion room in a northeast California elementary school for at least 31 days in a year.

"What we found outrageous was that we went to the schools and asked to see the rooms and were denied," said Leslie Morrison, a psychiatric nurse and attorney who led the 2007 investigation that substantiated at least six cases of abuse involving seclusion in public schools.

"It took a lot of fighting to eventually get in to see where these children were held."

CNN asked every school official interviewed if a reporter could visit a seclusion room and was denied every time.

In other instances of alleged abuse:

• A Tennessee mother alleged in a federal suit against the Learn Center in Clinton that her 51-pound 9-year-old autistic son was bruised when school instructors used their body weight on his legs and torso to hold him down before putting him in a "quiet room" for four hours. Principal Gary Houck of the Learn Center, which serves disabled children, said lawyers have advised him not to discuss the case.

• Eight-year-old Isabel Loeffler, who has autism, was held down by her teachers and confined in a storage closet where she pulled out her hair and wet her pants at her Dallas County, Iowa, elementary school. Last year, a judge found that the school had violated the girl's rights. "What we're talking about is trauma," said her father, Doug Loeffler. "She spent hours in wet clothes, crying to be let out." Waukee school district attorney Matt Novak told CNN that the school has denied any wrongdoing.

• A mentally retarded 14-year-old in Killeen, Texas, died from his teachers pressing on his chest in an effort to restrain him in 2001. Texas passed a law to limit both restraint and seclusion in schools because the two methods are often used together.

Federal law requires that schools develop behavioral plans for students with disabilities. These plans are supposed to explicitly explain behavior problems and methods the teacher is allowed to use to stop it, including using music to calm a child or allowing a student to take a break from schoolwork.

A behavioral plan for Jonathan King, provided to CNN by the Kings' attorney, shows that Jonathan was confined in the seclusion room on 15 separate days for infractions ranging from cursing and threatening other students to physically striking classmates.

Howard "Sandy" Addis, the director of the Pioneer education agency which oversees Alpine, said that the room where Jonathan died is no longer in use. Citing the ongoing litigation, he declined to answer questions about the King case but defended the use of seclusion for "an emergency safety situation."

The Alpine Program's attorney, Phil Hartley, said Jonathan's actions leading up to his suicide did not suggest the boy was "serious" about killing himself. Jonathan's actions were an "effort to get attention," Hartley said.

"This is a program designed for students with severe emotional disabilities and problems," he said. "It is a program which frequently deals with students who use various methods of getting attention, avoiding work."

A substitute employee placed in charge of watching the room on the day Jonathan died said in an affidavit that he had no training in the use of seclusion, and didn't know Jonathan had threatened suicide weeks earlier.

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The Kings say they would have removed their son from the school if they knew he was being held in seclusion, or that he had expressed a desire to hurt himself.

"We would have home schooled him or taken him to another psychologist," said Don King. "If we would have known, our boy would have never been in that room. He would still be alive."

(Source: http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/17/seclusion.rooms/)